Law Requirements
Warranty Footnotes:1. AS America, Inc. ("American Standard®) warrants this product to be free from defects in materials or workmanship for as long as the original non-commercial owner owns the product.2. "American Standard will provide free of charge, at its sole option, replacement part(s) or product (or if no longer available, a comparable product) to replace those which have proven defective in materials or workmanship."
Read the American Standard faucet warranty.
Learn more about faucet warranties.
This Company In Brief
For most of a century and a half, American Standard Companies was an American manufacturer of high-quality sanitary ware selling its products worldwide.
Today, what's left of American Standard in the U.S. is a Japanese company, and American Standard faucets are not American faucets. They are American-designed faucets, but they are made primarily in Mexico from Asian-made parts and components.
The faucets are well designed and of fair to very good quality supported by a lifetime warranty.
A renewed emphasis on design is improving the look of the collection but American Standard's cartridge technology has not kept pace with the enhancements available from other companies.
Founded as the Ahrens & Ott Manufacturing Company in 1875, the company merged with Standard Manufacturing of Pittsburgh and six other companies in 1899 and was renamed Standard Sanitary Manufacturing. It became American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Company in 1929 after a merger with American Radiator Company. The name was shortened to American Standard Companies in 1967.
American Standard Companies: Over a Century of Innovation
American Standard shares with Kohler the credit for successfully adapting the technique of bonding vitreous porcelain to cast iron and steel bathroom fixtures, a process that made sanitary bathware possible.
Scottish-born inventor David Dunbar Buick (later the founder of the Buick Motor Company) patented a method for "permanently bonding vitreous enamel to cast iron" in 1881.
American standard, then Standard Manufacturing, began experimenting with enameling in 1880, soon perfecting the process of enameling steel bathtubs.
The company's enamel-on-steel bathtubs, cast iron sinks, and porcelain toilets became the hub of a plumbing empire that, by 1929, had become the world's largest producer of bathroom fixtures.
Its 1912 publication, The Evolution of the Bath Room, comparing the modern sanitary bathroom to the wood and tin bathroom of 30 years prior, was able to truthfully claim that
"The bathroom of today is infinitely more cleanly, durable and efficient."
The company had helped lead the way to this "Bath Room" nirvana with innovations that included the one-piece toilet, built-in bathtubs, and mixing faucets (that mix hot and cold water inside the faucet - today's standard two-handle faucet).
Later contributions included chrome faucet finishes in the 1920s and the ceramic faucet cartridge in 1972 – a faucet valve that has become not just the American standard, but the world standard for modern faucets.
The Last Hurrah
Salem, Ohio, the site of American Standard's factory at 600 S. Ellsworth Ave. has a long history of manufacturing.
The first metal manufacturing operation on the site began in 1872. It has been an American Standard plant since 1956 when American Standard acquired Mullins Mfg. Corp.. Mullins had manufactured pressed steel Youngstown kitchen cabinets at the site since 1940.
For the past 30 years, the plant's 250 employees have produced American Standard's Americast® bathtubs — one tub per minute — in the 500,000 sq. ft. facility.
With the closing of the former Crane Plumbing plant in Nevada, Missouri in 2015, the Salem facility is the last plant in North America that still makes steel products for American Standard.
All the rest are gone, their manufacturing offshored to Asia and Mexico.
Americast® is a patented laminated material used to make American Standard bathtubs. The process bonds a high-quality porcelain surface to a formed steel bathtub reinforced with a composite backing.
The three-layer sandwich construction allows the company to use a lighter gauge steel to reduce weight to half as much as traditional cast iron. It better resists warping, has better heat retention, improved sound-dampening qualities, and is nearly as durable.
Mechanical and hydraulic presses stamp tub shapes out of low-carbon sheet steel in a series of operations that form the tub step-by-step, shaping the steel slowly until a finished tub is the result.
The steel tubs are given a primer that's baked on at a high temperature. A finish coat is also baked on at more than 1,400° F. The top coat of vitreous enamel contains titanium, which gives the finished tub its bright white color.
The Breakup
By 2006, however, the company was fading and in serious trouble.
An ill-considered 1988 acquisition of the company by Kelso & Co., an investment banking firm, in a leveraged buyout left the company with long-term debt of $2.7 billion and a dispersed and rapidly aging patchwork manufacturing facilities that were no longer competitive.
To survive, the company sold several subsidiaries unrelated to its core business. But, annual interest and amortization as high as $325 million left it unable to invest the capital needed to revitalize aging factories and modernize equipment.
After considering its options, the company's management determined that its three remaining divisions with globalized manufacturing (103 factories in 34 countries) were worth more as separate entities than the company as a whole and decided to sell the company in pieces, pay off debt and divide any remainder among its shareholders.
Its heating and air-conditioning division became Trane, Inc. which was almost immediately snapped up by Ingersoll-Rand.
Its vehicle control systems division was spun off as WABCO Holdings, Inc. WABCO remains a publicly-traded stock company chartered in Delaware but doing most of its business in Europe from its headquarters in Belgium.
American Standard America
The aging kitchen and bath division, along with the right to use the American Standard brand name and logo was sold to Bain Capital Partners, a private equity investment fund, owned by presidential aspirant and now Senator Mitt Romney.
Bain immediately sold a majority interest in the division's North American assets to Sun Capital Partners, another private equities firm, in accordance with a pre-existing agreement between the companies.
Sun Capital formed a new corporation, American Standard America (A-S America) and just that quietly, on November 14, 2007, after 133 years of pioneering innovation, the old American Standard, an icon of American plumbing, ceased to exist.
American Standard Brands
Sun Capital already owned two other sanitary ware companies, Eljer Industries, Inc. and Crane Plumbing, LLC, both acquired in 2005.
In 2008, the three companies, along with AS-America were recast as three separate divisions of a new holding company, American Standard Brands.
Ideal Standard International
Bain still owned the assets of the old American Standard in Europe.
These included upscale European brands , and Ideal Standard, a manufacturer of mid-priced faucets for the European market.
In 2009, Bain consolidated these all three companies into Ideal Standard International, headquartered in Brussels.
LIXIL Corp.
American Standard's Asian properties, including ten relatively modern Asian factories, were sold to INAX, a Japanese sanitary wares company. INAX subsequently merged with several other Japanese building products companies to form LIXIL Corp.
LIXIL then turned around and bought American Standard Brands from Sun Capital in 2013.
With that purchase, LIXIL took control of all of the old American Standard Companies except its European operations.
Being a major player in most of the world's markets, however, was not enough for LIXIL. It also wanted an entrée into the European Union.
It found one in
Grohe's private equity owner, TPG Capital, had been looking for a buyer.
LIXIL bought control of Grohe in 2014, giving it access to the last of the world's major markets.
LIXIL combined Grohe with American Standard in its new Water Technologies Unit.
In its home market in Japan, LIXIL is in stiff competition with the Japanese sanitary wares company, for a share of Japan's shrinking domestic housing market.
Many analysts believe one of LIXIL's primary goals in acquiring American Standard and Grohe was to open major markets outside of Asia for its products – especially its Japanese-style toilets – markets that Toto has had pretty much to itself for several decades.
With American Standard and Grohe, LIXIL also acquired two established brands's names long familiar to the buying public under which to market its sanitary wares in North America and Europe rather than going through the process of building up a new and unknown brand name – a process that can take decades.
The End of American Manufacturing
Bain Capital reportedly did very well with its purchase and sale of American Standard. It kept nearly a third of the company's most productive assets as Ideal Standard in Europe, sold the Asian and North American assets for a price that nearly recouped its original investment, and still retained a minority share of American Standard Companies.
Sun Capital also gained, selling its majority share of American Standard Brands to Imax for a handsome profit.
The only losers were American workers.
Just as soon as Sun Partners got control of American Standard's kitchen and bath division, it started closing North American factories and laying off employees.
In the 1980s, American Standard, Crane, and Eljer had a combined 70,000 American and Canadian employees, mostly at manufacturing plants in the two countries.
Today, American Standard Brands employs a mere handful of Canadians and fewer than 3,000 Americans of which barely 300 are in hourly manufacturing jobs.
American Standard shuttered its last remaining Canadian plant, a 40-year-old acrylics factory in Winnipeg in 2015. In that same year the old Crane factory in Nevada, Missouri was shuttered, eliminating the last small vestige of ceramic manufacturing by American Standard in the U.S.
We can find just three production facilities left in all of North America: a plant in Salem, Ohio that makes Americast® bathtubs (see sidebar: "The Last Hurrah"), a recently-acquired walk-in acrylic tub factory in Grand Prairie, Texas, and a small former Eljer factory in Somerset, Kentucky that makes industrial shower bases, laundry tubs, and mop sinks mostly from terrazzo. [1] that are sold under Eljer's Fiat brand.
Hecho en Mexico
American Standard does not manufacture faucets in the U.S. or Canada. All American Standard faucets are now imported. [2]
Where are they made? Well, American Standard is very cagey about the origin of its faucets. It claims on its website that
“Due to the fact we change the manufacturing location from time to time, we are not able to give you country of origin by model or even product.”.
Luckily, even if American Standard does not know where its faucets are made, we do. The company is still very much in the business of manufacturing faucets — just not in North America.
Even before the company's acquisition by LIXIL, Sun Capital had moved faucet production for the North American market to a plant already owned by American Standard in Monterrey, Mexico.
After American Standards' acquisition by LIXIL, the Monterrey plant was closed, [3] and faucet production was transferred to American Standard's giant (4,400-employee) maquila in Aguascalientes owned by its subsidiary, AS Maquila México, S. de R.L. de C.V.
The Monterrey plant did not stay empty for long, however.
In 2015 American Standard's sister company, dismantled its entire Mississauga, Ontario factory and trucked all of its machinery to the abandoned American Standard facility in Monterrey where it set up shop.
Prior to the move, the Mississauga plant had assembled most of the faucets sold by Grohe in North America.
The Aquacalientes maquila is American Standard's largest plant in the Western Hemisphere and has recently gotten larger.
In 2018 LIXIL opened a $20.5 million plant expansion that added 140,000 square feet of factory floor, permitting the company to increase its workforce by 400 workers and raise production from 2.3 to 3.4 million units per year.
The parts and components used by the plant in its assembly of toilets, sink, urinals, and faucets are manufactured elsewhere, most by contract suppliers.
American Standard buys sanitary fixtures, components, and accessories from a veritable international who's who of sanitary ware suppliers located in Belgium, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Taiwan, and Vietnam — in fact, just about anywhere except the U.S. and Canada.
Many are made in former American Standard Companies factories that LIXIL now owns including four sanitary ware factories in China: A-S (Shanghai) Pottery Co., Ltd.; A-S (Guangzhou) Enamelware Company, Ltd.; A-S (Tianjin) Pottery Co., Ltd., and Hua Mei Sanitary Ware Co. Ltd.
Founded in 1904 by Raymond Elmer Crane and Oscar Jerome Bacus, had a long and distinguished history as an American sanitary wares manufacturer.
Eljer invented the first vitreous china water "cistern", as toilet tanks were called in those days, in 1907. Plumbers were skeptical of the durability of the ceramic product, so acceptance was slow.
To prove just how sturdy its china really was, The company staged a demonstration that was widely reported. A china tank was laid on its back on a steel rail, a plank was placed on top of it and 27 men stood on the plank.
That ended any reservations about the strength of china cisterns which quickly replaced less sanitary lead-lined wood tanks common at the time.
Eljer also introduced one of the first low-flow toilets, the Ultra 1-G, ten years before low-flow was mandated by federal law in 1972.
In addition to vitreous chinaware, the company manufactured and sold cast iron tubs, sinks, and toilets for residential and commercial use made in its cast-iron factory in Salem, Ohio, a few doors down from the American Standard Americast factory in the same city.
After Eljer converted back from war production in the late 1940s, the company made major capital investments in its North American plants, including robotic enameling in its foundry in Salem, Ohio, and a pressure cast system for its pottery plant in Tupelo, Mississippi.
These improvements increased the company's profitability to the point that in 1996 it was purchased by Zurn Industries and later merged with Jacuzzi and U.S. Brass to form the Bath & Plumbing Division of U.S. Industries, Inc., a diversified conglomerate.
By 2002, however, U.S. Industries was in trouble, having lost hundreds of millions of dollars in the prior year primarily due to an economic downturn and a dramatic decrease in home-building and remodeling. It indicated in its annual report that year that it might not survive as a going concern.
To dig itself out, it began selling off its business units, including Eljer, which was bought by Sun Capital Partners in 2005.
In 2008 Eljer joined Crane Plumbing and A-S America as divisions of American Standard Brands.
Under LIXIL, separate Eljer manufacturing has ceased and the brand has been deemphasized by LIXIL to the point that it has almost disappeared.
For a while it looked as though Eljer would become American Standard's economy brand of faucet and sanitary ware, initially to be sold exclusively by Menards stores. But, that plan evidently did not work out.
Menards still sells Eljer chinaware as of the date of this report, but no faucets are being offered on the Menards website. All of the faucets still shown on the Eljer website are listed as "discontinued."
It's very likely that Eljer is out of the faucet business. Whether it is out of business altogether remains to be seen.
American Standard also owns an "interest" in an enamelware factory in the Dominican Republic: Sanitarios Dominicanos S.A. (also known as Sadovsa Standard), and ceramics plants in Indonesia, South Korea (American Standard Korea Inc.), Thailand (American Standard B&K Public Company Ltd.) and South Africa.
American Standard's Faucet Manufacturers
LIXIL buys faucet components from a variety of outside manufacturers in China, Taiwan, India, and South Korea. [4] It also buys an increasing number of finished faucets from outside contractors. Its known faucet suppliers include
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Lota is one of China's largest faucet manufacturers for the export market. It sells just a few Lota-brand faucets in North America but manufactures for so many North American faucet companies that it has established a U.S.-based English-language service center to provide customer support and replacement parts.
Lota manufactures store brand faucets for large retailers including many of the
It also manufacturers for the who's who of the North American faucet industry, including
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Xiamen Runner Industrial Corp., Ltd.
Runner Industrial is a subsidiary of the Runner Group which owns multiple subsidiaries that manufacture kitchen and bathroom fixtures and fittings, water and air purification devices, and health care systems. It manufactures faucets for
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Guangdong Meijie Faucet Co., Ltd.
Meijie is an manufacturer that, according to its website, is "dedicated exclusively to developing OEM, ODM and Private Label products for the North American marketplace."
Meijie manufactures a number of private brand faucets, including
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Solex High-Tech Industries Co., Ltd.
Solex is a Chinese "one-stop-shop" sanitary wares manufacturer that makes the majority of the
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NCIP, a Taiwanese company that manufactures faucets and faucet components in its Guangdong factory in south China just north and west of Hong Kong. It makes a small number of American Standard lavatory faucets. It also manufactures faucets for
For example, American Standard's plant in Mexico has begun assembling a good many of the Grohe faucets sold in the U.S. alongside American Standard faucets.
In the first five weeks of 2018, the maquila shipped more than 5 tons of faucets and spare parts to Grohe in the U.S. During the same period it received several tons of parts and components from Grohe India Pvt. Ltd.
Faucet Design
American Standard has never been particularly well known for faucets. Its main line of products has always been ceramic, steel, and cast iron: toilets, sinks, and bathtubs.
Faucets seem to have always been sort of a sideline, offered just to round out its sanitary ware lines.
In plumber polls, fewer than 6% of plumbers identify American Standard as their preferred faucet. In our top-of-mind faucet survey, American Standard is the first name that came to mind in only 2% of our U. S. respondents.
That may be changing, however. LIXIL seems to be putting more emphasis on faucets.
The company is improving its faucet designs as indicated by its recently opened design studio in New York City, and additions to its design staff headed by Jean-Jacques L'Henaff, a graduate of L'Ecole Superieure de Design Industriel in Paris and generally considered one of the world's premier industrial designers.
Recent American Standard designs have won numerous awards in international design competitions, including a Red Dot for excellence in design innovation for its Edgewater semi-professional kitchen faucet collection.
The Edgewater also merited a coveted Good Design Award as did the Studio S bath faucet collection and the Beale MeasureFill™ touchless faucet that meters out a specific amount of water, then stops. No more fussing with a measuring cup to get a precise amount of water for a recipe. Dial in the amount needed and turn on the faucet to dispense exactly that amount.
The Good Design Award, sponsored by the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design, is the oldest and most prestigious of the international design awards.
Faucet Finishes
A number of faucet finishes are available but vary from faucet to faucet.
Almost every faucet is available in the usual polished chrome and in some version of nickel: brushed, satin, or polished.
There are at least two kinds of bronze: Oil-rubbed bronze (which to us looks more like what other companies call antique bronze with its copper highlights) and Legacy Bronze (which looks more like what we think of as oil-rubbed bronze).
Crane, founded in 1955 as the R.T. Crane Brass & Bell Foundry in Chicago, invented the pastel bathroom in the 1920s featuring fixtures designed by Henry Dreyfuss, the premier industrial designer of the time.
The designs were very popular in the 1950s and came to epitomize the early mid-century bathroom.
In 1978 the company introduced a complete line of washerless faucets to compete with Moen. But, it made the mistake of designing faucets to fit a particular sink so that the sink and faucet had to be purchased as a set, an arrangement that greatly reduced their popularity.
Crane faucets made little headway in the residential fixture market despite its innovations and the reputation of the company.
In 1986 Crane Co. divested itself of its plumbing unit which was reorganized as Crane Plumbing, LLC.
A controlling interest in the company was acquired by Sun Capital Partners in 2005 and the company merged with American Standard America and Eljer Industries in 2008 to form American Standard Brands.
Since the merger, Crane has gone out of business as a brand. The closing was announced on its website as follows:
"Crane plumbing has merged with American Standard. In light of this, Crane Plumbing products are no longer being offered in the trade channel. We will continue to provide customer care support and product information support for these brands, which can be found on this site. Thank you for your interest and support for Crane Plumbing."
A sad end for an old and well-respected company.
There is also matte black which is becoming the au courant finish for ultra-contemporary faucets.
Some kitchen faucets are "finished" in stainless steel which is not really a finish, but the stuff the faucet is made of.
All of these (except stainless steel) are electroplated finishes.
The newer (physical vapor deposition) finish technology is not available from American Standard. PVD is a much more robust finish, said by some in the industry to be up to 20 times tougher than standard plated chrome.
Faucet Cartridges
American Standard along with invented the ceramic cartridge in 1972 [5] and has been improving on it since. Its proprietary mixing cartridge is very robust with very few reported problems.
They are no longer cutting-edge technology, however. Delta has leapfrogged past American Standard's basic ceramic technology with its Diamond Seal Technology™ (DST) super cartridge introduced in 2007.
One disc in the two-disc set is diamond coated using a process that deposits microscopic diamond particles on the disc.
Delta says the diamond coating helps keeps the discs absolutely smooth since the coated disc continuously polishes the other disc, so they always mesh perfectly.
It also continuously grinds away any mineral deposits that may insinuate themselves between the discs. The more you use it, the smoother it gets, says Delta which claims that the cartridge will last up to 5 million rotations (or about 700 years in the average kitchen faucet, 10 times the life expectancy of a standard ceramic cartridge).
To learn more about the types of valves used in faucets, now and historically, see Faucet Basics: Part 1, Faucet Valves & Cartridges. For more detail on the Delta DST cartridge, see our Delta Faucet Review & Rating.
Faucet Warranty
The American Standard warranty meets the North American Standard — a lifetime warranty to the original owner on all parts and the finish except electronic parts which are guaranteed for five years, and filter components, made by GE, that are warranted for just one year. One year is a little light. Most under-sink filter systems are guaranteed for five years.
The warranty has a couple of issues. It excludes damage caused by "aggressive air or water conditions". Do you have any idea what this means? Most people outside of the industry do not.
The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act of 1975, codified as 15 U.S.C. §2301 et seq. is a federal law that regulates the form and content of consumer warranties.
It was enacted, according to its legislative history" to remedy "the widespread misuse of express warranties and disclaimers" by requiring warranties on consumer products be "clear and easy to read and understand" in order to prevent companies from hiding the true coverage and scope of a warranty behind obscure, hard to understand legal terminology.
In consequence, unlike other legal documents intended to be interpreted only by judges and lawyers, consumer warranties must be capable of understanding by the average consumer.
To learn more about faucet warranties and how to interpret them, see Faucet Basics: Part 6, Faucet Warranties.
So, while industry terms of art like "aggressive air and water conditions" are not entirely banned, if used they must be defined such that an average consumer will understand what they mean. If they are not explained, then they are ignored in interpreting the warranty as if they were never mentioned.
A second minor problem with the warranty is the company's claim to have the "sole option" regarding the remedy to be provided under warranty. The Federal Trade Commission has determined that warrantors do not have the sole option, and the term is deceptive.
These defects in the warranty are not major, however, and do not detract substantially from what is otherwise a very good warranty.
Customer Service
The company's U.S.-based customer and warranty service is good but not exceptional. American Standard may not know where its faucets are made but it does know where to find the parts for each faucet.
The problems we found were issues that we thought were rather simple had to be referred up the chain of command for a resolution, time consuming and, in our opinion, evidence of a lack of training.
We scored its customer service on our standard test at 3.7 out of 5. Any score below 4.0 is considered unsatisfactory. The Better Business Bureau rates the company C or a scale of A+ to F for 16 complaints against the company that were not reolved and 4 complaints to which the company did not respond at all.
The American Standard Website
The American Standard website is, as you might expect, massive.
We gave up counting the number of bathroom and kitchen items represented on the site, but it's a lot. Despite its size, however, it is fairly easy to navigate. Drop-down menus lead you rather quickly to the information you need.
The information provided about each faucet is about as complete as we have seen. It includes links to available finishes that (usually but not always ) display the faucet in the selected finish. For faucets with variable flow rates, the rates are clearly displayed.
Rather than having to download a .pdf document to read detailed specifications, they are right on the page. You can either click on "Specs" link at the bottom of the page to jump right to specifications or page down until you get there.
Care instructions, a link to installation instructions and warranty information is provided, and available replacement parts are shown right on the page.
And, if all this somehow does not answer your questions, the customer service telephone number is also displayed.
Faucets that are CALGreen® certified, ADA compliant, or WaterSense® qualified are identified. Faucets that comply with California water restriction requirements are identified as "CEC Listed" meaning that the faucet appears in the California Energy Commission's list of approved faucets.
Testing & Certification
The California Energy Commission sued American Standard for illegally selling unapproved faucets in California from January 2015 to September 2020. The company paid a penalty of $41,119.00 to settle the suit in 2021.
Comparable Compnies
Faucets made in North America comparable to American Standard products include the following:
Conclusions
American Standard has fallen behind the technology curve. It still uses electroplating when its competitors have gone on to more advanced and more durable PVD. Its cartridge is solid but does not compare to the super cartridges used in Delta faucets, and its styling is clean and attractive, but getting dated.
Faucet Street Price Comparison
In U.S. Dollars
We can find nothing about the faucets that stands out and no particular reason to prefer an American Standard faucet over all of the other good faucets available in roughly the same price range.
On the other hand, if an American Standard faucet strikes your fancy, we can think of no reason not to buy it. The quality is good and well-supported by a strong warranty and the post-sale support is excellent.
So, while we would probably not go out looking specifically for an American Standard faucet, if we found one we liked, we would have little hesitation installing it in even a busy kitchen or main bath.
Keep in mind, however, that when you buy an American Standard faucet you are not buying an American faucet. What you are getting is a good quality American-designed but foreign-made faucet. If "made in U.S.A." is important to you, American Standard would not be your choice.
We are continuing to research the company. If you have experience with American Standard faucets, good, bad or indifferent, we would like to hear about it, so please contact us or post a comment below.
Footnotes:
- Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of both. It is used primarily for commercial floors and wall treatments.
- For comparison, both established American faucet companies, still makes most of their faucets in the U.S.
- The American Standard Monterrey plant did not stay empty for long. In 2015 LIXIL's newest acquisition, Grohe, was looking for a new home for its North American production then located in Ontario, Canada. It settled on the abandoned Monterrey plant and trucked all of its equipment, machine by machine, from Canada to Mexico. Grohe now assembles faucets sold in North America in Monterrey. See our report on for more information.
- Ideal Standard at one time supplied many of the faucets sold in the U.S. by American Standard, including the upscale
- As early as the 1880s, the old American Standard Companies was a pioneer in the use of ceramics to make bathroom fixtures , so it seems entirely natural that it would put its industrial ceramics expertise to work creating a valve that used ceramics to control water flow. After much experimentation and development, the company received patent number US 3810602 A for the first ever "ceramic disc faucet".
- It was widely copied in Europe but slow to get around in the U.S. where Moen and Delta both had proprietary non-ceramic cartridges in which a lot was invested.
- Today, all major U.S. manufacturers use ceramic cartridges based on the American Standard design.